Scientific Name: Mangifera indica
→Origin: Indo-Burma (region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh).
→It is known as King of fruits and it is also the national fruit of India.
→Mango is the richest source of vitamin A.
→ Mango is a climacteric and tropical fruit.
→Fruit type of mango is *Drupe.
→*Some common types of fruits based on their characteristics include:
— Drupe: A fleshy fruit with a hard inner layer surrounding the seed. Examples include peach, plum, nectarine, apricot, cherry, olive, mango, and almond.
— Pepo: A berry with a hard, thick rind typical of the gourd family. Examples are watermelon, cucumber, squash, cantaloupe, and pumpkin.
— Hesperidium: A berry with a leathery rind and parchment-like partitions between sections typical of the citrus family. Examples include orange, lemon, grapefruit, tangelo, and kumquat.
— Pome: A fruit developing from an inferior ovary with seeds encased within a cartilaginous core. Examples are apple and pear.
— Berry: A fruit with the entire fruit wall fleshy. Examples include tomato, grape, cranberry, banana.
Propagation:
→Propagation of mango trees can be done through various methods, including seed propagation, air layering, and grafting.
→Commercial method is *Veneer Grafting.
*Veneer Grafting preferred technique for propagating mango trees due to its ability to produce trees with desirable characteristics like strong root systems and high-quality fruit.
Varieties:
→ Some India Varieties like: Alphonso, Amrapalli, Banganapalli, Kesar, Neelam, Dashahri, Totapuri, Sindhuri, Langra, etc.
→Some Other major varities like: Tommy atkins, Haden, Keitt, Kent,etc.
Pests:
→Mango mealy bug: Drasicha mangiferae (Family: Margodidae)
— It is the major pest of mango.
— Nymph and adult suck the cell sap from leaves and tender trunks.
→ The major pests of mango include:
— Mango Hoppers: These pests feed on inflorescences and fruits, causing damage to the mango crop.
— Mango Stem Borer: The Batocera rufomaculata and Indarbela tetraonis are known as mango stem borers, affecting the main stem and branches of mango trees.
— Mango Shoot Borer: Clumetia transversa is a shoot borer that infests mango trees, causing damage to the shoots and affecting the growth of the tree.
— Mango Inflorescence and Fruit Feeders: These pests include the mango hoppers, aphids, flower Webbers, loopers, bud mites, fruit flies, and mango nut weevils, which target the inflorescences and fruits of mango trees, leading to yield losses
— Mango Leaf Feeders: Various pests like shoot Webbers, leaf gall midges, leaf twisting weevils, hairy caterpillars, scales, and red ants can feed on mango leaves, affecting the overall health of the tree.
— Mango stone weevil: Lays eggs on the fruit skin of developing fruits. the larvae move in pulp & finally in stone of mango.
Pest Management:
→ Alkathene banding 30–45 cm wide & 30 cm above.
→Spray carbyl @ 0.25%
→ The management practices for pests affecting mango crops include Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies tailored to different scales of production. Here are some key practices based on the provided sources:
— Parasitoids: These are natural enemies of pests that can help control infestations. They are part of the IPM practices used in mango production to reduce pest populations.
— Orchard Sanitation: Keeping the orchard clean and free from debris can help reduce pest habitats and breeding grounds, contributing to pest control in mango production systems.
— Food Bait: Using food baits as part of IPM practices can attract and trap pests like fruit flies, helping to manage their populations effectively.
— Biopesticides: These are environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, derived from natural materials like plants, bacteria, or fungi. Biopesticides play a crucial role in pest management in mango orchards.
— Male Annihilation Technique: This practice involves using specific attractants to lure and eliminate male pests, disrupting their mating patterns and reducing pest populations. It has been highlighted as one of the most profitable IPM practices in mango production systems across different scales.
Diseases:
→ Powdery mildew: Oidium mangiferae
— Severe during Feb-March
— Spraying of Karathane @ 0.1%
→ Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloesporoides
— Severe in humid and high rainfall area.
→ Malformation: Fusarium monilliformae var subglutinana
— Vegetative and floral malformation; bunchy top appearance
— It is a serious problem in North India(Punjab,Delhi,UP).
Management:
→ Pruning
→ Spraying mencozeb @ 2g/lit.
→ Spraying NAA(Planofix) @ 200 ppm by deblossoming at bud burst stage in the month of October.
Physiological Disorders:
→Black tip: Due to deficiency of boron.
— Near brick kilns distal end of affected fruits get turned black and become hardened.
— Smoke of brick-kilns containing gases like CO,CO2, SO2 & Acetylenes are responsible for this.
→Management: Three spray of borax (0.6%)(before flowering,during flowering and at fruit set).Borax contains 11% boron.
→Spongy tissue: Due to soil heat convection (high temp).
— Major problem in Alphonso.
— Fruit from outside look normal, but a patch of flesh becomes spongy, yellowish inside the fruit.
→ Leaf scorching: Due to Potassium deficiency.
— Management: Spraying of potassium sulphate @5%
→Internal necrosis: Boron Deficiency
— Management: Application of boron/ borax @ 0.6%
→Alternate bearings: On year(Bears flowers), Off year(bears no flowers).
— Management: Application of cultar(Paclobutrazol) @ 5–10g/plant, it induces flower.
